Orig 1884 Sitting Bull Cabinet Card Photo Native American Sioux Indian Palmquist

Description

I purchased this gem along with a few other old west related items at a local estate sale.  I realize there are fake Native American cabinet cards out there but this is not one of them.  The image is a familiar one but note the "10" on the bottom right corner.  I cannot find another image on the internet with this mark.  Most all of them I found are marked "9".  I will guaranty that this is an original.
The image shows Sitting Bull seated with a peace pipe across his lap and his hands resting over the top of the pipe.  It was taken by Palmquist and Jurgens in 1884.  Their studio was located in Saint Paul MN.  After his release from prison and just prior to joining Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, Palmquist and Jurgens contracted Chief Sitting Bull to do a sitting with them and sell the images for each.  These original images are very hard to find.  Don't miss your chance to own a piece of history!
The card measures 6.5" by 4.25".  The card stock and image have some toning, a few small depressions, edge wear, corner rounding and some minor soiling.  This sounds bad, but honestly, it displays great.  The reverse has a long write up about Sitting Bull's life.  Beginning with his father, to his leading a group of five thousand Sioux against Custer at Little Big Horn, his retreat to Canada, his arrest and release and his living at the reserve Standing Rock Agency on the Missouri River.  Please take a close look at the photos.
The cost to ship includes insurance.  Please message me any questions.  Thank you for looking!
Here is what Wikipedia says about Sitting Bull:
Sitting Bull
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This article is about the Hunkpapa Lakota leader. For the film, see
Sitting Bull (film)
.
Sitting Bull
Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake
Sitting Bull c. 1883
Hunkpapa
Lakota
holy man & leader
Personal details
Born
Húŋkešni (or "Slow") or Jumping Badger
c. 1831
[1]
Grand River
,
Dakota Territory
Died
December 15, 1890
(aged 58–59)
Standing Rock Indian Reservation
Grand River, South Dakota
Cause of death
Gunshot wound
Resting place
Mobridge, South Dakota
45°31′0″N
100°29′7″W
Coordinates
:
45°31′0″N
100°29′7″W
Spouse(s)
Light Hair
Four-Robes-Woman
Snow-on-Her
Seen-by-her-Nation
Scarlet Woman
Relations
White Bull
(nephew)
One Bull
(nephew)
Flying Hawk
(nephew)
Children
Crow Foot
(son)
Many Horses (daughter)
Standing Holy (daughter)
William Sitting Bull
, a.k.a. Runs-away-from-him/Nakicipa (son)
[2]
Walks Looking (adopted daughter)
Parents
Jumping Bull (father)
Her-Holy-Door (mother)
Signature
Military service
Battles/wars
Battle of the Little Bighorn
Sitting Bull
(
Lakota
:
Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake
[tˣaˈtˣə̃ka ˈi.jɔtakɛ]
;
[3]
c.
1831
– December 15, 1890)
[4]
was a
Hunkpapa
Lakota
leader who led his people during years of resistance against United States government policies. He was killed by
Indian agency police
on the
Standing Rock Indian Reservation
during an attempt to arrest him, at a time when authorities feared that he would join the
Ghost Dance
movement.
[5]
Before the
Battle of the Little Bighorn
, Sitting Bull had a vision in which he saw many soldiers, "as thick as grasshoppers," falling upside down into the Lakota camp, which his people took as a foreshadowing of a major victory in which many soldiers would be killed.
[6]
About three weeks later, the confederated Lakota tribes with the Northern
Cheyenne
defeated the
7th Cavalry
under Lt. Col.
George Armstrong Custer
on June 25, 1876, annihilating Custer's battalion and seeming to bear out Sitting Bull's prophetic vision. Sitting Bull's leadership inspired his people to a major victory. In response, the U.S. government sent thousands more soldiers to the area, forcing many of the Lakota to surrender over the next year. Sitting Bull refused to surrender, and in May 1877, he led his band north to
Wood Mountain
,
North-Western Territory
(now
Saskatchewan
). He remained there until 1881, at which time he and most of his band returned to U.S. territory and surrendered to U.S. forces.
After working as a performer with
Buffalo Bill's Wild West
show, Sitting Bull returned to the
Standing Rock Agency
in
South Dakota
. Due to fears that he would use his influence to support the
Ghost Dance
movement,
Indian Service
agent
James McLaughlin
at
Fort Yates
ordered his arrest. During an ensuing struggle between Sitting Bull's followers and the agency police, Sitting Bull was shot in the side and head by Standing Rock policemen Lieutenant Bull Head (
Tatankapah
,
Lakota
:
Tȟatȟáŋka Pȟá
) and Red Tomahawk (
Marcelus Chankpidutah
,
Lakota
:
Čhaŋȟpí Dúta
), after the police were fired upon by Sitting Bull's supporters. His body was taken to nearby
Fort Yates
for burial. In 1953, his
Lakota
family
exhumed
what were believed to be his remains, reburying them near
Mobridge, South Dakota
, near his birthplace.
Contents
1
Early life
2
Red Cloud's War
3
Great Sioux War of 1876
3.1
Battle of the Little Bighorn
3.2
Surrender
4
Meets Annie Oakley
5
Wild West Show
6
Ghost Dance Movement
7
Death and burial
8
Legacy
9
Representation in popular culture
10
See also
11
Footnotes
12
References
13
Further reading
14
External links
Early life
Sitting Bull was born on land later included in the
Dakota Territory
.
[7]
[8]
In 2007, Sitting Bull's great-grandson asserted from family oral tradition that Sitting Bull was born along the
Yellowstone River
, south of present-day
Miles City, Montana
.
[9]
He was named Jumping Badger at birth, and nicknamed
Húŋkešni
[ˈhʊ̃kɛʃni]
or "Slow" said to describe his careful and unhurried nature.
[10]
When he was fourteen years old he accompanied a group of
Lakota
warriors (which included his father and his uncle Four Horns) in a raiding party to take horses from a camp of
Crow
warriors. He displayed bravery by riding forward and
counting coup
on one of the surprised Crow, which was witnessed by the other mounted Lakota. Upon returning to camp his father gave a celebratory feast at which he conferred his own name upon his son. The name, Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake, which in the
Lakota language
approximately means "buffalo who set himself to watch over the herd", was simplified as "Sitting Bull".
[11]
Thereafter, Sitting Bull's father was known as Jumping Bull. At this ceremony before the entire band, Sitting Bull's father presented his son with an eagle feather to wear in his hair, a warrior's horse, and a hardened buffalo hide shield to mark his son's passage into manhood as a Lakota warrior.
[11]
During the
Dakota War of 1862
, in which Sitting Bull's people were not involved,
[7]
several bands of eastern
Dakota people
killed an estimated 300 to 800 settlers and soldiers in south-central
Minnesota
in response to poor treatment by the government and in an effort to drive the whites away. Despite being embroiled in the
American Civil War
, the
United States Army
retaliated in 1863 and 1864, even against bands which had not been involved in the hostilities.
[12]
In 1864, two brigades of about 2200 soldiers under Brigadier General
Alfred Sully
attacked a village
. The defenders were led by Sitting Bull,
Gall
and
Inkpaduta
.
[12]
The Lakota and Dakota were driven out, but skirmishing continued into August at the
Battle of the Badlands
.
[13]
[14]
In September, Sitting Bull and about one hundred
Hunkpapa Lakota
encountered a small party near what is now
Marmarth, North Dakota
. They had been left behind by a
wagon train
commanded by Captain
James L. Fisk
to effect some repairs to an overturned wagon. When he led an attack, Sitting Bull was shot in the left hip by a soldier.
[12]
The bullet exited out through the small of his back, and the wound was not serious.
[15]
Red Cloud's War
From 1866 to 1868,
Red Cloud
as a leader of the
Oglala Lakota
fought against U.S. forces, attacking their forts in an effort to keep control of the
Powder River Country
of Montana. In support of him, Sitting Bull led numerous war parties against
Fort Berthold
,
Fort Stevenson
, and
Fort Buford
and their environs from 1865 through 1868.
[16]
The uprising has come to be known as
Red Cloud's War
.
By early 1868, the U.S. government desired a peaceful settlement to the conflict. It agreed to Red Cloud's demands that the U.S. abandon forts
Phil Kearny
and
C.F. Smith
. Gall of the Hunkpapa (among other representatives of the Hunkpapa,
Blackfeet
, and
Yankton Dakota
) signed a form of the
Treaty of Fort Laramie
on July 2, 1868, at
Fort Rice
(near
Bismarck
, North Dakota).
[17]
Sitting Bull did not agree to the treaty. He told the Jesuit missionary, Pierre Jean De Smet, who sought him out on behalf of the government: "I wish all to know that I do not propose to sell any part of my country."
[18]
He continued his hit-and-run attacks on forts in the upper Missouri area throughout the late 1860s and early 1870s.
[19]
The events of 1866–1868 mark a historically debated period of Sitting Bull's life. According to historian
Stanley Vestal
, who conducted interviews with surviving Hunkpapa in 1930, Sitting Bull was made "Supreme Chief of the whole Sioux Nation" at this time. Later historians and
ethnologists
have refuted this concept of authority, as the Lakota society was highly decentralized. Lakota bands and their elders made individual decisions, including whether to wage war.
[20]
Great Sioux War of 1876
Further information:
Great Sioux War of 1876
Early
Cabinet card
of Sitting Bull, 1881.
Sitting Bull's band of Hunkpapa continued to attack migrating parties and forts in the late 1860s. When in 1871 the
Northern Pacific Railway
conducted a
survey
for a route across the northern plains directly through Hunkpapa lands, it encountered stiff Lakota resistance.
[21]
The same railway people returned the following year accompanied by federal troops. Sitting Bull and the Hunkpapa attacked the survey party, which was forced to turn back.
[22]
In 1873, the military accompaniment for the surveyors was increased again, but Sitting Bull's forces resisted the survey "most vigorously."
[23]
The
Panic of 1873
forced the Northern Pacific Railway's backers (such as
Jay Cooke
) into bankruptcy. This halted construction of the railroad through Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota territory.
[24]
After the 1848 discovery of gold in the
Sierra Nevada
and dramatic gains in new wealth from it, other men became interested in the potential for
gold mining
in the
Black Hills
. In 1874, Lt. Col.
George Armstrong Custer
led a military expedition from
Fort Abraham Lincoln
near
Bismarck
to explore the Black Hills for gold and to determine a suitable location for a military fort in the Hills.
[25]
Custer's announcement of gold in the Black Hills triggered the
Black Hills Gold Rush
. Tensions increased between the Lakota and
European Americans
seeking to move into the Black Hills.
[26]
Although Sitting Bull did not attack Custer's expedition in 1874, the U.S. government was increasingly pressured by citizens to open the Black Hills to mining and settlement. Failing in an attempt to negotiate a purchase or lease of the Hills, the government in Washington had to find a way around the promise to protect the Sioux in their land, as specified in the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie.
[27]
It was alarmed at reports of Sioux depredations, some of which were encouraged by Sitting Bull. In November 1875, President Grant ordered all Sioux bands outside the
Great Sioux Reservation
to move onto the reservation, knowing full well that not all would comply. As of February 1, 1876, the
Interior Department
certified as "hostile" those bands who continued to live off the reservation.
[28]
This certification allowed the military to pursue Sitting Bull and other Lakota bands as "hostiles".
[28]
[29]
Based on tribal oral histories, historian Margot Liberty theorizes that many Lakota bands allied with the
Cheyenne
during the Plains Wars because they thought the other nation was under attack by the U.S. Given this connection, she suggests the major war should have been called "The Great Cheyenne War". Since 1860, the Northern Cheyenne had led several battles among the Plains Indians. Before 1876, the U.S. Army had destroyed seven Cheyenne camps, more than those of any other nation.
[30]
Other historians, such as
Robert M. Utley
and Jerome Greene, also use Lakota oral testimony, but they have concluded that the Lakota coalition, of which Sitting Bull was the ostensible head, was the primary target of the federal government's pacification campaign.
[31]
[32]
[33]
Battle of the Little Bighorn
Further information:
Battle of the Little Bighorn
The area in which the Battle of the Little Bighorn took place.
During the period 1868–1876, Sitting Bull developed into one of the most important Native American political leaders. After the
Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)
and the creation of the Great Sioux Reservation, many traditional Sioux warriors, such as Red Cloud of the Oglala and
Spotted Tail
of the
Brulé
, moved to reside permanently on the reservations. They were largely dependent for subsistence on the U.S. Indian agencies. Many other chiefs, including members of Sitting Bull's Hunkpapa band such as Gall, at times, lived temporarily at the agencies. They needed the supplies at a time when white encroachment and the depletion of buffalo herds reduced their resources and challenged Native American independence.
[
citation needed
]
In 1875, the Northern Cheyenne, Hunkpapa, Oglala, Sans Arc, and Minneconjou camped together for a
Sun Dance
, with both the Cheyenne
medicine man
White Bull or Ice and Sitting Bull in association. This ceremonial alliance preceded their fighting together in 1876.
[30]
Sitting Bull had a major revelation.
At the climactic moment, "Sitting Bull intoned, 'The Great Spirit has given our enemies to us. We are to destroy them. We do not know who they are. They may be soldiers.' Ice too observed, 'No one then knew who the enemy were – of what tribe.'...They were soon to find out."
— Utley 1992: 122–24
Sitting Bull's refusal to adopt any dependence on the U.S. government meant that at times he and his small band of warriors lived isolated on the
Plains
. When Native Americans were threatened by the United States, numerous members from various Sioux bands and other tribes, such as the Northern Cheyenne, came to Sitting Bull's camp. His reputation for "strong medicine" developed as he continued to evade the European Americans.
Sketch of Sitting Bull;
Harper's Weekly
, December 8, 1877, issue.
After the ultimatum on January 1, 1876, when the U.S. Army began to track down as hostiles those Sioux and others living off the reservation, Native Americans gathered at Sitting Bull's camp. He took an active role in encouraging this "unity camp". He sent scouts to the reservations to recruit warriors and told the Hunkpapa to share supplies with those Native Americans who joined them. An example of his generosity was Sitting Bull's provision for
Wooden Leg
's Northern Cheyenne tribe. They had been impoverished by Captain Reynold's March 17, 1876, attack and fled to Sitting Bull's camp for safety.
[30]
Over the course of the first half of 1876, Sitting Bull's camp continually expanded as natives joined him for safety in numbers. His leadership had attracted warriors and families, creating an extensive village estimated at more than 10,000 people. Lt. Col. Custer came across this large camp on June 25, 1876. Sitting Bull did not take a direct military role in the ensuing battle; instead, he acted as a spiritual leader. A week prior to the attack, he had performed the Sun Dance, in which he fasted and sacrificed over 100 pieces of flesh from his arms.
[7]
Custer's 7th Cavalry, divided into three battalions, attacked Cheyenne and Lakota tribes at their camp on the Little Big Horn River (known as the Greasy Grass River to the Lakota) on June 25, 1876. Custer and his officers did not realize how large the camp was. More than 2,000 Native American warriors had left their reservations to follow Sitting Bull. Inspired by Sitting Bull's vision of U.S. soldiers being killed as they entered the tribe's camp, the Cheyenne and Lakota fought back. The 7th Cavalry's badly outnumbered troops lost ground quickly on two fronts and were forced to retreat. The tribes led a counter-attack against Custer's wing on a nearby ridge, ultimately annihilating them
[34]
and surrounding and laying siege to the
other two battalions led by Reno and Benteen
.
The Native Americans' victory celebrations were short-lived. Public shock and outrage at Custer's defeat and death, as well as the government's understanding of the military capability of the remaining Sioux, led the War Department to assign thousands more soldiers to the area. Over the next year, the new American military forces pursued the Lakota, forcing many of the Native Americans to surrender. Sitting Bull refused to do so and in May 1877 led his band across the border into the
North-West Territories
, Canada. He remained in exile for four years near
Wood Mountain
, refusing a pardon and the chance to return.
[35]
When crossing the border into Canadian territory, Sitting Bull was met by the
Mounties
of the region. During this meeting,
James Morrow Walsh
, commander of the North-West Mounted Police, explained to Sitting Bull that the Lakota were now on British soil and must obey British law. Walsh emphasized that he enforced the law equally and that every person in the territory had a right to justice. Walsh became an advocate for Sitting Bull and the two became good friends for the remainder of their lives.
[36]
While in Canada, Sitting Bull also met with
Crowfoot
, who was a leader of the
Blackfeet
, long-time powerful enemies of the Lakota and Cheyenne. Sitting Bull wished to make peace with the Blackfeet Nation and Crowfoot. As an advocate for peace himself, Crowfoot eagerly accepted the tobacco peace offering. Sitting Bull was so impressed by Crowfoot that he named one of his sons after him.
[37]
Sitting Bull and his people stayed in Canada for four years. Due to the smaller size of the buffalo herds in Canada, Sitting Bull and his men found it difficult to find enough food to feed their starving people. Sitting Bull's presence in the country led to increased tensions between the Canadian and the United States governments.
[38]
Before Sitting Bull left Canada, he may have visited Walsh for a final time and left a ceremonial headdress as a memento.
[39]
Surrender
Fort Buford
's original 1872 Commanding Officer's Quarters where Sitting Bull's surrender ceremony was held
Sitting Bull and family 1881 at Ft Randall rear L–R Good Feather Woman (sister), Walks Looking (daughter) front L–R Her Holy Door (mother), Sitting Bull, Many Horses (daughter) with her son, Courting a Woman
Sitting Bull, 1885
Hunger and desperation eventually forced Sitting Bull and 186 of his family and followers to return to the United States and surrender on July 19, 1881. Sitting Bull had his young son
Crow Foot
surrender his
Winchester
lever-action
carbine
to Major David H. Brotherton, commanding officer of
Fort Buford
. Sitting Bull said to Brotherton, "I wish it to be remembered that I was the last man of my tribe to surrender my rifle".
[7]
In the parlor of the Commanding Officer's Quarters in a ceremony the next day, he told the four soldiers, 20 warriors and other guests in the small room that he wished to regard the soldiers and the white race as friends but he wanted to know who would teach his son the new ways of the world. Two weeks later, after waiting in vain for other members of his tribe to follow him from Canada, Sitting Bull and his band were transferred to
Fort Yates
, the military post located adjacent to the
Standing Rock Agency
. This
reservation
straddles the present-day boundary between North and South Dakota.
[40]
Sitting Bull and his band of 186 people were kept separate from the other
Hunkpapa
gathered at the agency. Army officials were concerned that he would stir up trouble among the recently surrendered northern bands. On August 26, 1881, he was visited by census taker William T. Selwyn, who counted twelve people in the Hunkpapa leader's immediate family. Forty-one families, totaling 195 people, were recorded in Sitting Bull's band.
[41]
The military decided to transfer Sitting Bull and his band to
Fort Randall
to be held as prisoners of war. Loaded onto a
steamboat
, the band of 172 people was sent down the
Missouri River
to Fort Randall (near present-day
Pickstown, South Dakota
) on the southern border of the state. There they spent the next 20 months. They were allowed to return north to the Standing Rock Agency in May 1883.
[7]
In 1883, rumors were reported that Sitting Bull had been baptized into the Catholic Church.
James McLaughlin
, Indian agent at Standing Rock Agency, dismissed these reports, saying that "The reported baptism of Sitting-Bull is erroneous. There is no immediate prospect of such ceremony so far as I am aware."
[42]
[43]
[44]
Meets Annie Oakley
In 1884 show promoter
Alvaren Allen
asked Agent James McLaughlin to allow Sitting Bull to tour parts of Canada and the northern United States. The show was called the "Sitting Bull Connection." It was during this tour that Sitting Bull met
Annie Oakley
in Minnesota.
[45]
He was so impressed with Oakley's skills with firearms that he offered (equal to ,872 today) for a photographer to take a photo of the two together.
[46]
The admiration and respect was mutual. Oakley stated that Sitting Bull made a "great pet" of her.
[46]
In observing Oakley, Sitting Bull's respect for the young
sharpshooter
grew. Oakley was quite modest in her attire, deeply respectful of others, and had a remarkable stage persona despite being a woman who stood only five feet in height. Sitting Bull felt that she was "gifted" by supernatural means in order to shoot so accurately with both hands. As a result of his esteem, he symbolically "adopted" her as a daughter in 1884. He named her "Little Sure Shot" – a name that Oakley used throughout her career.
[47]
Wild West Show
In 1885, Sitting Bull was allowed to leave the reservation to go
Wild Westing
with
Buffalo Bill Cody's
Buffalo Bill's Wild West
. He earned about a week (equal to ,440 today) for riding once around the arena, where he was a popular attraction. Although it is rumored that he cursed his audiences in his native tongue during the show, the historian Utley contends that he did not.
[48]
Historians have reported that Sitting Bull gave speeches about his desire for education for the young, and reconciling relations between the Sioux and whites.
[49]
The historian Edward Lazarus wrote that Sitting Bull reportedly cursed his audience in Lakota in 1884, during an opening address celebrating the completion of the
Northern Pacific Railway
.
[50]
According to
Michael Hiltzik
, "...Sitting Bull declared in
Lakota
, 'I hate all White people.' ... 'You are thieves and liars. You have taken away our land and made us outcasts.' The translator, however, read the original address which had been written as a 'gracious act of amity', and the audience, including President
Grant
was left none the wiser.
[51]
Sitting Bull stayed with the show for four months before returning home. During that time, audiences considered him a celebrity and romanticized him as a
warrior
. He earned a small fortune by charging for his autograph and picture, although he often gave his money away to the homeless and beggars.
[52]
Ghost Dance Movement
Sitting Bull returned to the Standing Rock Agency after working in
Buffalo Bill's Wild West
show. The tension between Sitting Bull and Agent McLaughlin increased and each became warier of the other over several issues including division and sale of parts of the Great Sioux Reservation.
[53]
During that period, in 1889 Indian Rights Activist
Caroline Weldon
from Brooklyn, New York, a member of the National Indian Defense Association "NIDA", reached out to Sitting Bull, acting to be his voice, secretary, interpreter and advocate. She joined him, together with her young son Christy at his compound on the Grand River, sharing with him and his family home and hearth.
[54]
In 1889, during a time of harsh winters and long droughts impacting the Sioux Reservation, a Paiute Indian named
Wovoka
spread a religious movement from Nevada eastward to the Plains that preached a resurrection of the Native. It was known as the "Ghost Dance Movement" because it called on the Indians to dance and chant for the rising up of deceased relatives and the return of the buffalo. The dance included shirts that were said to stop bullets. When the movement reached Standing Rock, Sitting Bull allowed the dancers to gather at his camp. Although he did not appear to participate in the dancing, he was viewed as a key instigator. Alarm spread to nearby white settlements.
[55]
Death and burial
Capture & Death of Sitting Bull
"Wild scene", "Squaws death chant heard in every direction," telegram sent after killing of Sitting Bull
Monument at Sitting Bull's grave,
Mobridge, South Dakota
, 2003
In 1890,
James McLaughlin
, the U.S. Indian Agent at
Fort Yates
on Standing Rock Agency, feared that the Lakota leader was about to flee the reservation with the
Ghost Dancers
, so he ordered the police to arrest him.
[56]
On December 14, 1890, McLaughlin drafted a letter to Lieutenant Henry Bullhead (noted as Bull Head in lead), an Indian agency policeman, that included instructions and a plan to capture Sitting Bull. The plan called for the arrest to take place at dawn on December 15 and advised the use of a light spring wagon to facilitate removal before his followers could rally. Bullhead decided against using the wagon. He intended to have the police officers force Sitting Bull to mount a horse immediately after the arrest.
[54]
[57]
[58]
[59]
[60]
Around 5:30 a.m. on December 15, 39 police officers and four volunteers approached Sitting Bull's house. They surrounded the house, knocked and entered. Bullhead told Sitting Bull that he was under arrest and led him outside.
[61]
Sitting Bull and his wife noisily stalled for time: the camp awakened and men converged at the house. As Bullhead ordered Sitting Bull to mount a horse, he said the Indian Affairs agent wanted to see the chief, and then Sitting Bull could return to his house. When Sitting Bull refused to comply, the police used force on him. The Sioux in the village were enraged. Catch-the-Bear, a Lakota, shouldered his rifle and shot Bullhead, who reacted by firing his revolver into the chest of Sitting Bull.
[62]
Another police officer, Red Tomahawk, shot Sitting Bull in the head, and Sitting Bull dropped to the ground. Sitting Bull died between 12 and 1 p.m.
[62]
A close-quarters fight erupted, and within minutes, several men were dead. The Lakota killed six policemen immediately, while two more died shortly after the fight, including Bullhead. The police killed Sitting Bull and seven of his supporters at the site, along with two horses.
[63]
Sitting Bull's grave at Fort Yates, c. 1906
Sitting Bull's body was taken to
Fort Yates
, where it was placed in a coffin (made by the Army carpenter)
[64]
and buried. A monument was installed to mark his burial site after his remains were reportedly taken to South Dakota.
In 1953, Lakota family members exhumed what they believed to be Sitting Bull's remains, transporting them for reinterment near
Mobridge, South Dakota
, his birthplace.
[65]
[66]
A monument to him was erected there.
Legacy
Following Sitting Bull's death, his cabin on the Grand River was taken to
Chicago
for use as an exhibit at the 1893
World's Columbian Exposition
. Native American dancers also performed at the Exposition.
[67]
On September 14, 1989, the
United States Postal Service
released a
Great Americans series
28¢ postage stamp featuring a likeness of Sitting Bull.
[68]
On March 6, 1996, Standing Rock College was renamed
Sitting Bull College
in his honor. Sitting Bull College serves as an institution of higher education on Sitting Bull's home of Standing Rock in North Dakota and South Dakota.
[69]
The American historian
Gary Clayton Anderson
of the
University of Oklahoma
published
Sitting Bull and the Paradox of Lakota Nationhood
(2010), a revisionist examination of the Lakota medicine man. Anderson stresses the Little Big Horn in light of past successes of the Lakota Nation and the merits of Sitting Bull himself, rather than simply a mishap by Custer.
[70]
In August 2010, a research team led by
Eske Willerslev
, an
ancient DNA
expert at the
University of Copenhagen
, announced their intention to sequence the genome of Sitting Bull, with the approval of his descendants, using a hair sample obtained during his lifetime.
[71]